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Gastrointestinal agent , acidifying agent, Dilute hydrochloric acid , physical property , storage condition, uses, antacid ,property,example

   Gastrointestinal agent Gastrointestinal agents are drug which produce different effect in the gastrointestinal tract. Medications for gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms include prescription and nonprescription drugs, conventional and unconventional agents, simple small molecules, complex macromolecules and large recombinant proteins. These medications are can be classified based upon their use: drugs for nausea and vomiting (antiemetics), prokinetic agents, laxatives, antidiarrheal agents, drugs for acid peptic disease, drugs for irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and, of course, miscellaneous. Agents used for gastrointestinal disease rarely cause liver injury. One reason for this is that they are often locally active and result in little systemic exposure. The immunomodulatory agents used to treat inflammatory bowel disease are an exception, being given systemically, often intravenously and capable of causing liver injury, although not very frequently. Acidify

Nitrogen : Preparation , physical & chemical property , pharmaceutical uses , storage.

      Nitrogen [N₂] Nitrogen occur in the atmosphere to exist 76% it also occur in large quantities as white salt .      example in plant and animal tissue ( inorganic combination as protein, amino acid and alkaloid.) it is also present as nitrate in the soil formed by soil bacteria (nitrogen fixing bacteria rhizobium). Preparation  * nitrogen is obtained by removing the oxygen from atmospheric air high burning Phosphorus in closed container. * when solution are sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride or sulphate is reacted nitrogen is formed. NaNO₂ + NH₄Cl → NH₄NO₂ + NaCl ↓  NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + H₂O * nitrogen is formed when ammonium dichloride is heated. (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ → N₂ + Cr₂O₃ + 4H₂O Physical Property * nitrogen is colorless, odourless and tasteless gas. * it is not inflammable. * it condenses a liquid. * it has boiling point 195.8 ℃. * it is soluble in water(1 in 65) and alcohol(1 in 9) at normal temperature and pressure. Chemical property * nitrogen neither nor support in burning however b

Sodium nitrite : Preparation , Physical & Chemical Property , pharmaceutical uses , storage condition.

     Sodium nitrite           [NaNO₂] Sodium nitrite is similar in name and use to sodium nitrate. Both are preservatives used in processed meats, such as salami, hot dogs, and bacon. Sodium nitrite has been synthesized by several chemical reactions that involve the reduction of sodium nitrate. Industrial production of sodium nitrite is primarily by the absorption of nitrogen oxides into aqueous sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Over the years, sodium nitrite has raised some concerns about its safety in foods, but it remains in use and there are indications that it may actually be healthy. Preparation * sodium nitrite is usually obtained by strongly heating sodium nitrate. 2NaNO₃  →  2NaNO₂  + O₂ * oxidation of catalytic ammonia is sodium carbonate solution on absorption gives sodium nitrite. 2Na₂CO₃+ 4NO + O₂ → 4NaNO₂ + CO₂ Physical property * it is a white or yellow granular powder or stick. *it is odourless and saline test. * It has nature  hydroscopic (moisture absorption)  * i

Sodium thio sulphate : Preparation , physical & chemical properties , pharmaceutical uses , storage condition.

   Sodium Thio Sulphate [Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O] Sodium thio sulphate is used as a medication to treat cyanide poisoning, pityriasis versicolor, and to decrease side effects from cisplatin. For cyanide poisoning it is often used after the medication sodium  nitrite and typically only recommended for severe cases. Preparation * It can also prepared by passing sulphur dioxide into sodium sulphide. 2Na₂S + 3SO₂  → 2Na₂S₂O₃ + 1/2 S₂ * one half of a concentrated solution of sodium carbonate is saturated with Sulphur dioxide and the other half added to it then sodium sulphide is formed. Na₂CO₃ + 2SO₂ + H₂O → 2NaHSO₃ + CO₂ Na₂CO₃  +  2NaHSO → 2Na₂S₂O₃  + H₂O + CO↑ Physical property * it is colourless odourless and transparent crystalline powder. * it have bitter taste. * it is very soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. * it have melting point 56℃. *In its anhydrous form, sodium thiosulfate has a molar mass of 158.11 grams per mole. The more commonly available pentahydrate from, Na 2 S 2 O 3 .5H 2

Sodium Meta biSulphate : preparation , physical and chemical properties , pharmaceutical uses , incompatibility.

   Sodium meta bisulphate [Na₂S₂O₅] Or Sodium puri sulfate,  Na₂S₂O₅  commercially produced salt of sulphurous acid, is a preservative used to extend the shelf life of meat products such as fresh sausages and burgers, even though it can have adverse effects on some people, especially asthmatics. Na₂S₂O₅ i s not permitted in several countries for use in meat products. Chemically,  Na₂S₂O₅  67% sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ). When SMBS is applied to a meat product, the  Na₂S₂  reacts with water and, as a rule of thumb, around 50–55% added  N a₂S₂O₅  can be found analytically in the meat product as SO 2 . Some SO 2  is ‘lost’ as a result of countless reactions and cannot be detected any longer. Therefore meat  products are not analysed with regard to their  Na₂S₂O₅  content. The level of SO 2  has to be measured instead and food standards refer to the SO 2  level, rather than the  Na₂S₂O  level, of a product.   *Preparation* Sodium meta bi sulphate is produced by passing Sulphur Dioxide into a h

Sodium bisulfate : Preparation , Physical & Chemical Property , uses , storage condition , chemical incompatibility.

   Sodium bisulfate          [NaHSO₄]  Overview Sodium bisulfate is an acidic salt of sulfuric acid and is also known as sodium hydrogen sulfate. The chemical formula of sodium bisulfate is NaHSO 4  and its molar mass is 120.06 g/mol. It also exists as a monohydrate salt (with one molecule of water) with the molar mass of 138.07 g/mol. It is the monosodium salt of the diprotic sulfuric acid. It is composed of the sodium cation (Na + ) and bisulfate anion (HSO 4 - ), which has the sulfur atom bonded to three oxygen atoms and one hydroxyl group. It is a dry granular product that can be safely shipped and stored. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic. *Preparation* Sodium bisulphate is prepared by passing Sulphur Dioxide into a solution of sodium carbonate till the solution is saturated with Sulphur Dioxide first Sulphur Dioxide dissolved into water to form sulfuric acid. SO₂ + 2H₂O  →  H₂SO₄ + H₂↑ 2H₂SO₄ + Na₂CO₃  →  2NaHSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂ Physical property * it is white crystalline or white po

Sulphur Dioxide : Preparation , Physical and Chemical property , uses and Storage condition.

   Sulphur Dioxide                     [SO₂] Overview Sulfur dioxide is a respiratory irritant that is highly soluble in the aqueous surfaces of the respiratory airways. Because of this high solubility, most of the sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the nose and upper airways and very little reaches the lungs directly. Inhalation of high ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide can cause stimulation of the nerves in the air passages, resulting in a reflex cough, irritation, and chest tightness. At extremely high concentrations, the death or pathological changes including laryngotracheal and pulmonary edema can be induced in the respiratory tract of experimental animals. The gas is quite corrosive and can also cause damage to buildings and other materials. It is very acidic *preparation* Sulphur dioxide is prepared by the reaction of metallic sulphide or metallic by sulphite with dilute acid.  or  Sulphur Dioxide is prepared by the action of dilute sulphuric acid or sulphite. Na₂SO₃ + H₂SO₄ 

hypophosphorous acid : Antioxident, preparation , physical & chemical property , uses , storage , incompatibility

   Antioxidant  a substance which prevent the oxidation of product called antioxidant.  Antioxidant are chemically reducing agent antioxidant can also call at preservative in the sense that they preserve a product being oxidized. Ideal properties of antioxidant * it should prevent the oxidation of product  * it should be effective in low concentration. * it should be non-toxic and not irritant. * it should not affect colour order and taste  of preparation . *it should be physiologically innert. Example of antioxidant * hypophosphorous acid  *Sulphur Dioxide  *sodium bisulphate  *sodium metabisulphate  *sodium thiosulphate  *nitrogen  * sodium nitrite Hypophosphorus acid [H₃PO₂] Mol.weight - 66 Hypophosphorous acid is a monobasic and reducing agent it is a colourless or slightly yellow order liquid containing 32 to 32% of hypophosphorous acid it is conventionally prepared by treating NaH₂PO₂ with an Ion exchange resin . the water free acid forms deliquesc crystal hypophosphorous acid co

Sodium Hydroxide : Prepaeation , Physical & Chemical reaction , assay , storage , and uses.

   Sodium Hydroxide            [NaOH] Sodium Hydroxide contains not less than 97 % of total alkali calculated as sodium hydroxide and not more than 2.5 % of sodium carbonate. Preparation When milk of lime is added to hot sodium carbonate solution 20% sodium hydroxide and precipitate of calcium carbonate obtained the reaction is reversible. Na₂CO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ → 2NaOH + CaCO₃↓   The precipitated calcium carbonate is separated the clear liquid containing Sodium Hydroxide is evaporated and the molten product is converted into sticks , pellets or masses. Electrolytic method Sodium Hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of sodium chloride for the purpose of Mercury diaphragm celk, known as castner - kellner cell, is used . It consists of a large rectangular through with a layer of Mercury at the bottom sodium is electrolysed from a concentrated brine solution with a graphite anode and a Mercury cathode to produce a dilute sodium amalgam . the amalgam reacts with water to form a dilute h

Strong Ammonium Hydroxide : preparation , physical and chemical property , incompatibility , uses , Storage.

   Strong Ammonium Hydroxide [NH₄OH] Commercially ammonia is obtained from the ammonia liquid which is by product during the production of coal gas ammonical gas is obtained by passing the hard gas through cooling pipe The ammonium hydroxide is also known as the Aqua Ammonia, solution of the ammonia gas inside the water, and also a common commercial form of ammonia. It is a liquid that has no color and has a strong characteristic odor. In the concentrated form, ammonium hydroxide can result in burns on coming in contact with the skin. Moreover, with the ordinary household ammonia, useful as a cleanser, is dilute ammonium hydroxide. Preparation In laboratory ammonia is prepared by heating NH₄Cl with calcium hydroxide.   2NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂→ CaCl₂ + 2H₂O + 2NH₃ Commercially ammonia is obtained from the ammonical liquid which is by product during the production of coal gas ammonical gas is obtained by passing the hard gas through cooling pipe. Physical Property * ammonia is a colourless gas